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T. V. Soong

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T. V. Soong
宋子文
Premier of the Republic of China
In office
31 March 1945 – 1 March 1947
PresidentChiang Kai-shek
Preceded byChiang Kai-shek
Succeeded byChiang Kai-shek (acting)
Acting Premier of the Republic of China
In office
25 September 1930 – 18 November 1930
PresidentChiang Kai-shek
Vice PremierHimself
Preceded byTan Yankai
Succeeded byChiang Kai-shek
Vice Premier of the Republic of China
In office
29 January 1932 – 4 November 1933
PremierWang Jingwei
Preceded byChen Mingshu
Succeeded byKung Hsiang-hsi
In office
11 October 1930 – 16 December 1931
PremierHimself (acting)
Chiang Kai-shek
Preceded byFeng Yuxiang
Succeeded byChen Mingshu
Personal details
Born
Soong Tse-vung

(1894-12-04)4 December 1894
St Luke's Hospital, Shanghai International Concession
Died25 April 1971(1971-04-25) (aged 76)[1]
San Francisco, California, United States
Resting placeFerncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum, Hartsdale, Westchester County, New York, US
NationalityRepublic of China
Political partyKuomintang
SpouseLo-Yi Chang
Parent(s)Charlie Soong and Nyi Kwei-twang (Ni Kwei-tseng)
Alma materHarvard University (BA)
Columbia University

Soong Tse-vung, more commonly romanized as Soong Tse-ven or Soong Tzu-wen (Chinese: 宋子文; pinyin: Sòng Zǐwén; 4 December 1894 – 25 April 1971), was a Chinese businessman, banker, and politician who served as Premier of the Republic of China in 1930 and between 1945 and 1947.

Early life and education

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T. V. Soong was born at St. Luke's Hospital in the Shanghai International Settlement.[2] He was first educated in Shanghai at St. John's University, and then graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor’s degree in economics in 1915.[3] He worked at the International Banking Corporation in New York while pursuing graduate studies at Columbia University.[4] His sisters, known collectively as the Soong sisters, married well: the first, Ai-ling, married H. H. Kung, an Oberlin College graduate from a leading family of Chinese bankers who went on to become Premier of the Republic of China; the second, Ching-ling, married Sun Yat-sen, the founder and leader of the Chinese nationalist movement; and the third, Mei-ling, was First Lady of the Republic of China as wife of Chiang Kai-shek.

Career

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Soong as a leader of Wuhan nationalist government.
Soong at a mosque in Xining, Qinghai.

Upon returning to China, he worked for several industrial enterprises, and was then recruited by Sun Yat-sen to develop finances for his Canton government. After the success of Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition in 1927, Soong served in a succession of offices in the Nationalist Government,[5] including as Governor of the Central Bank of China (1928–1934) and as Minister of Finance (1928–1933).[6]

He founded the China Development Finance Corporation (CDFC) in 1934, along with other prominent financial figures, such as Chang Kia-ngau, Chen Guangpu and H.H. Kung. CDFC provided China's chief access to foreign investment for the next decade. Many CDFC financial packages benefitted companies that were related to Soong or his family members.[7]: 42 

In the summer of 1940, Chiang appointed Soong to Washington, D.C., as his personal representative. His task was to win support for China's war with Japan. Soong successfully negotiated substantial loans for this purpose. After Pearl Harbor, Chiang appointed Soong Minister of Foreign Affairs, though Soong remained in Washington to manage the alliance with both the U.S. and the U.K.

During his tenure as Finance Minister, he managed to balance China's budget, which was no small accomplishment. He resigned in 1933, displeased with Chiang Kai-shek's appeasement of Japan and attempts to placate Japanese aggression.[8] He later returned to service as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1942–1945), and as President of the Executive Yuan (1945–1947). Soong left his legacy as head of the Chinese delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, April 1945, which later became the United Nations.

During the German invasion of Russia, Soong was in charge of negotiating with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin regarding Soviet interests in China, and travelled to Moscow to extract from Stalin a guarantee to oppose the Chinese Communist Party. Soong conceded to Stalin the Manchurian railways and Korean independence but refused to allow Soviet interference in Xinjiang or military bases in Manchuria. He also indicated that China and the Soviet Union could share dominion over Mongolia if a "mutual assistance pact" was agreed to.[9] Soong was known for his tough negotiating style with Stalin in getting straight to the point and freely using the threat of American military backing to strengthen his demands. When the Sino-Soviet treaty was signed, China ceded to the Soviets parts of Mongolia, the use of a naval base at Port Arthur (with civilian rule remaining Chinese), and co-ownership of the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria.[10]: 1 

In return, Soong extracted from Stalin recognition of the Republic of China as the legitimate regime of China, aid from the Soviets, and an oral agreement to an eventual Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria.[10]: 2  The treaty failed to end tension in China with the communists, which resulted in renewed fighting after Chinese communist revolution.[11] Stalin had previously told the Americans that Franklin Roosevelt should inform Chiang Kai-shek of the Russian demands in Manchuria, at the Yalta Conference, before Stalin informed Soong.[12]

During the war years, he financed the Flying Tigers, American mercenary group that was later incorporated into the United States Air Force. Gen. Claire Chennault was listed as an employee of the Bank of China. On this project Soong worked very closely with his sister, May-ling Soong. He once remarked to John Paton Davies, Jr., one of the China Hands, that there were no U.S. State Department memos sent from China to which he did not have access within a few days.[13][14]: 241 

Criticism of Soong increased as the Nationalist government's financial crisis increased during January and early February 1947.[7]: 138  Rival Nationalist individuals and factions which criticized him included those associated with Sun Ke, Zhang Qun, CC Clique, and the Gexin movement.[7]: 138  The Gexin movement criticized Soong for what the group described as his bureaucratic capitalism, a phrase likely adopted from the communists' criticisms of Soong.[7]: 138–139  The Gexin movement influenced many newspaper's criticisms of Soong.[7]: 138–139  Its criticisms of Soong were also echoed in the Legislative Yuan.[7]: 138 

On March 1, 1947, Soong resigned as president of the Executive Yuan.[7]: 140  Nonetheless, Soong was active in the Nationalist government's financial policy until he moved to the United States in January 1949.[7]: 43  Soong moved to New York and remained an influential member of the China Lobby.[14]: 317 

Death

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On 25 April 1971, Soong choked to death in San Francisco at a dinner party hosted by the chairman of the San Francisco branch of the Bank of Canton, when a piece of chicken lodged in his windpipe.[15] Soong was survived by his widow, Lo-Yi Chang [zh] (張樂怡; Chang¹ Lê⁴-I²; Zhāng Lèyí), who had taken on the English name of Laura Chang Soong.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ex-Premier of China, Soong, Dies in S.F.", San Mateo Times, 26 April 1971, page 2. From the article in the Monday paper, Soong "died here Sunday night"
  2. ^ "Archived". Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2023.[dead link‍]
  3. ^ "Harvard Graduate Is Leading Chinese Revolutionists to Financial Stability--T. V. Soong '15 Has Modernized Methods | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  4. ^ Kuo, Tai-chun; Lin, Hsiao-ting (2003). T.V. Soong in Modern Chinese History (PDF). Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press.
  5. ^ "Soong, T.V.," Boorman Vol 3, p. 149.
  6. ^ "Foreign News: Chiang's Cabinet". Time. 29 October 1928. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.
  8. ^ "CHINA: Soong Out". Time. 6 November 1933. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  9. ^ "CHINA: Top Secret". Time. 30 July 1945. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  10. ^ a b "THE NATIONS: Light in the East". Time. 3 September 1945. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Foreign News: REPORT ON CHINA". Time. 19 November 1945. p. 1. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  12. ^ "HISTORICAL NOTES: We Believed in Our Hearts". Time. 13 September 1948. p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  13. ^ John P. Davies, Dragon by the Tail, p.266.
  14. ^ a b Halberstam, David (2008). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0786888627.
  15. ^ "Soong Choked to Death on Food, Coroner Says", Los Angeles Times, 27 April 1971, p28

Sources

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Seagrave, Sterling (19 April 1986). The Soong Dynasty. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-091318-5.

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Government offices
Preceded by Premier of the Republic of China
1930 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Chiang Kai-shek
 Premier of the Republic of China
1945–1947 		Succeeded by
Chiang Kai-shek
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